{
  "title": "Minimal pairs for Spanish, French and German",
  "description": "Columns lang, contrast, word_a, ipa_a, word_b, ipa_b, hint, audio_a, audio_b. 19 Spanish, French and German word pairs, most of them differing by one sound (two French rows are near pairs), with IPA as written in Wiktionary (no slashes), a hint for each pair, and empty audio columns because no recordings have been checked yet. The casa and caza row applies only to distinción, in the center and north of Spain.",
  "license": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "creator": "Conversation Mile",
  "page": "https://conversationmile.com/pronunciation/minimal-pairs/",
  "derived_from": [
    "Wiktionary entries for each word, via Wiktextract and kaikki.org (https://kaikki.org/)",
    "¿Cómo suena? Fonética y fonología del español (SUNY Create OER)",
    "FREN 140: Basic French Pronunciation (Palomar College, LibreTexts)",
    "Deutsch im Blick (COERLL, University of Texas at Austin)",
    "Spanish Basic Course, Foreign Service Institute"
  ],
  "method": "Compiled by Conversation Mile from the data listed",
  "data_credit": [
    "IPA (except ahorra and pleine, which follow the textbooks below) and word meanings from Wiktionary (https://en.wiktionary.org/), CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/), via Wiktextract and kaikki.org (extract of 2026-10-30), read 2026-11-10. Changes: the transcriptions are copied without slashes; meanings are shortened into the hint column.",
    "Pairs and sound descriptions follow ¿Cómo suena? (Escudero, Barreca and Carbone, SUNY Create OER), FREN 140: Basic French Pronunciation (Carrasco and Zahedi, Palomar College, LibreTexts) and Deutsch im Blick (Abrams and others, COERLL, University of Texas at Austin), each CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The peso and pesó pair and the th comparison follow the FSI Spanish Basic Course, a U.S. government publication."
  ]
}